RECENT RESEARCH ON THE GROWTH PLATE: Impact of inflammatory cytokines on longitudinal bone growth

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   Figure 1

   Growth plate ultrastructure, and the GH/IGF1 axis, a major regulator of longitudinal bone growth. GH has both direct effects on the growth plate as well as indirect effects through IGF1. The growth plate is a complex structure consisting of chondrocytes at different stages of differentiation. It is divided into three specialized zones: the resting zone, proliferative zone, and hypertrophic zone.
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   Figure 2

   Pathophysiology of growth impairment in conditions of chronic inflammation. Several factors have negative effects on longitudinal bone growth.
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   Figure 3

   (a, b, and c) TNFα, IL1β, and IL6 impair longitudinal bone growth in fetal rat metatarsal bones. TNFα (a) and IL1β (b) have a dose-dependent effect. IL6 together with IL6 Rα impairs bone growth in fetal rat metatarsal bones (c). TNFα and IL1β have a synergistic effect, but the involvement of IL6 does not have any further synergistic effect (c). Fig. 3a and b are adapted from Martensson et al. (2004), with permission from the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. © 2004 ASBMR.
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   Figure 4

   The synergistic effect of TNFα and IL1β can be reduced with anti-cytokine treatment. The figure is adapted from Martensson et al. (2004) with permission from the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR). © 2004 ASBMR.
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   Figure 5

   IL6 production is significantly increased in bones treated with a combination of TNFα and IL1β. The figure is reproduced from Fernandez-Vojvodich et al. (2013) with permission from BMJ Publishing Group Limited. © 2013 BMJ Publishing Group Limited.

• © 2014 Society for Endocrinology