The diversity of sex steroid action: regulation of metabolism by estrogen signaling

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   Figure 1

   Summary of the effects on metabolism observed in ERα, ERβ, and aromatase knockout (ArKO) female and male mice. Reported effects in different metabolic tissues, i.e. central nervous system (CNS), pancreatic β cell, skeletal muscle, liver, and white adipose tissue (WAT), are indicated. ND, no difference; HFD, high-fat diet; TG, triglycerides.
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   Figure 2

   Model showing estrogenic control of glucose homeostasis by regulatory actions in CNS, β cells, muscles, liver, and adipocytes.
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   Figure 3

   Overview of IR induced by estrogen deficiency and subsequent disturbances in metabolic tissues.

• © 2012 Society for Endocrinology